Cover -- Elementary Engineering Hydrology -- Copyright -- Brief Contents -- Contents -- Preface -- About the Author -- Introduction -- Definition -- Importance of Hydrology -- Sub-branches of Hydrology -- Supporting sciences -- Overlapping areas of Hydrology -- Influence of Hydrology -- Practical Use of Hydrology -- Embodying Sciences -- Quantity of Water Available on the Earth -- Global Water Budget -- History of Hydrology -- Phases of Development of Hydrology -- Hydrology in Ancient India -- Properties of Water -- Hydrological Cycle -- Quantitative Analysis of the Hydrological Cycle -- Processes In Hydrological Cycle -- Water-Holding Elements of the Hydrological Cycle -- Liquid-Transport Phases of the Hydrological Cycle -- Vapour-Transport Phases of the Hydrological Cycle -- Hydrological Process -- Deterministic Process -- Stochastic Process -- The Hydrological Equationthe -- Modern Techniques -- Remote Sensing -- Artificial Neural Network -- Geographical Information System -- Genetic Algorithm -- Fuzzy Logic -- Hydrometeorology -- Definition -- Atmosphere and its Constituents -- Existence of the Atmosphere -- Density and Pressure of the Atmosphere -- Vertical Structure of the Atmosphere -- Vapour Pressure -- Relative Humidity -- Saturation Deficit -- Dew-Point Temperature -- Wet-Bulb Temperature -- Measurement of Humidity -- Hygrograph -- Wind -- Wind Velocity -- Direction of Wind -- Level of Anemometer -- Effect of Wind -- Temperature -- Factors Affecting Temperature -- Measurement of Temperature -- Average Daily Temperature -- Normal Average Temperature -- Lapse Rate -- Air Mass -- Air Front -- Cyclone -- Causes of Cyclone -- Extratropical Cyclone -- Anticyclone -- Evaporation and Transpiration -- Definition -- Process of Evaporation -- Dalton's Law of Evaporation -- Necessity of Estimation of Evaporation -- Estimation of Evaporation.

Water Budget Method -- Energy Budget Method -- Mass Transfer Method -- Methods of Actual Observations -- Pan Observations -- pan -- Observations on a Pan -- Pan Coefficient -- Factors Affecting Pan Coefficient -- Land Pan -- Floating Pan -- Sunken Pan -- Formulae to Estimate the Evaporation From a Reservoir -- Factors Affecting Evaporation -- Temperature -- Solar Radiation -- Wind -- Barometric Pressure and Altitude -- Quality of Water -- Depth of Water -- Other Factors -- Control of Evaporation From a Reservoir -- Surface Area Reduction -- Mechanical Covers -- Wind Shields -- Surface Films -- Chemicals Normally Used -- Application of Chemicals -- Floating Covers -- Transpiration -- Factors Affecting Transpiration -- Measurement of Transpiration -- Transpiration Reduction -- Evapotranspiration -- Potential Evapotranspiration -- Measurement of Evapotranspiration -- Soil Evaporation -- Precipitation -- Definition -- Different Forms of Precipitation -- Terminal Velocity of a Raindrop -- Process of Precipitation -- Mechanism to Cool the Air -- Mechanism to Produce Condensation -- Mechanism of Droplet Growth -- Mechanism to Produce Accumulation of Moisture -- Factors Affecting Precipitation -- Height of Station -- Presence of Mountains and Their Relative Position -- Nearness of the Oceans and Seas -- Forestation and Urbanization -- Prevalent Wind Direction -- Sunspots -- Precipitation Cycle -- Types of Precipitation -- Cyclonic Precipitation -- Convective Precipitation -- Orographic Precipitation -- Artificial Precipitation -- Measurement of Precipitation -- History of Precipitation Measurement -- Considerations for Selecting Site for a Rain Gauge -- Hyetograph -- Mass Curve of Precipitation -- Types of Rain Gauges -- non-recording rain gauge -- Automatic rain gauges -- Radar Measurement of Rainfall -- Difficulties in the Measurement of Precipitation.

Rainy days -- Classification of Intensity of Rainfall -- Average Precipitation -- Index of Wetness -- Supplementing Rainfall Data -- Arithmetic Average Method -- Normal Ratio Method -- Weighted Average Method -- Consistency Verification of Rain Gauge -- Double Mass Curve Method -- Average Depth of Precipitation -- Arithmetic Mean Method -- Thiessen Polygon Method -- Isohyetal Method -- Rain Gauge Density -- Minimum Density of Rain Gauge Stations -- Moving Average Curve -- Probable Maximum Precipitation -- Relation Between the Extremes and the Average Precipitation -- Station Year Method -- Recurrence Interval of a Storm -- Intensity Duration Analysis -- Intensity-Frequency-Duration Analysis -- Isopluvial Map -- Depth-Area-Duration Analysis -- Transposition of a Storm -- Precipitation Over India -- South-West Monsoon -- Post-Monsoon -- Winter Rains -- Pre-Monsoon -- Infiltration -- Definition -- Infiltration and Percolation -- Abstractions -- Dominant Abstraction -- Excess Rainfall -- Process of Infiltration -- Factors Affecting Infiltration -- Rainfall Characteristics -- Ground Surface Condition -- Soil Characteristics -- Soil Moisture -- Human Activities -- Climatic Conditions -- Entrapped Air -- Other Minor Factors -- measurement of Infiltration -- Flooding-Type Infiltrometers -- Single-tube flooding infiltrometer -- Double-tube flooding infiltrometer -- Drawbacks in tube infiltrometers -- Expression of Infiltration -- Equation -- Infiltration Indices -- index -- W Index -- Wmin Index -- fav -- Hydrograph -- Definition -- Units -- Area of Hydrograph -- Isolated Storm -- Complex Storm -- Hydrograph of an Isolated Storm -- Analysis of a Hydrograph Due to an Isolated Storm -- Separation of Base Flow -- Procedure to Separate Base Flow -- Simple Judgement -- Equation of the Recession Curve -- Master Depletion Curve -- Semi-Log Analysis.

Recession Discharge Analysis -- Extension of Base Flow Graph -- Review of the Methods -- Base Flow Separation of a Complex Storm -- Excess Rainfall -- Unit Hydrograph -- Definition of Unit Hydrograph -- Definitions Involved in Unit Hydrograph Theory -- Specifications of Unit Hydrograph -- Assumptions Made in the Unit Hydrograph Theory -- Use of Unit Hydrograph to Derive Flood Hydrograph -- S Hydrograph -- Limitations of Unit Hydrograph Theory -- Changing of Time of Unit Precipitation -- Increase in the Time of Unit Precipitation -- Method 1 -- Method 2 -- Method 3 -- Method 4 -- Reduction in the Time of Unit Precipitation -- Method 1 -- Method 2 -- Derivation of Unit Hydrograph -- Ven Te Chow's Forward Substitution Method -- Ven Te Chow's Backward Substitution Method -- Collin's Method -- Averaging of Unit Hydrograph -- Synthetic Unit Hydrograph -- Snyder Method -- Central Water Commission Method for Indian Catchments -- Dimensionless Unit Hydrograph -- Distribution Graph -- Triangular Unit Hydrograph -- Instantaneous Unit Hydrograph -- Derivation of Instantaneous Unit Hydrograph -- Runoff -- Definition -- Units of Runoff -- Ridge Line -- Groundwater Divide Line -- Catchment Area -- Stream Order -- Drainage Density -- Stream Density -- Length of Stream -- Form Factor of Catchment Area -- Circularity Ratio -- Elongation Ratio of the Catchment Area -- Shape Factor -- Relief of Catchment Area -- Compactness Coefficient -- Slope of a Catchment Area -- Relation of Catchment Area With Its Length -- Watershed Leakage -- Classification of Catchment Areas -- Catchment Flow Characteristics -- Overland Flow -- Bank Storage -- Valley Storage -- Antecedent Precipitation Index -- Process of Runoff -- Classification of Streams -- Influent Stream -- Effluent Stream -- Intermittent Stream -- Ephemeral Stream -- Perennial Stream -- Stream Patterns.

Factors Affecting Runoff -- Precipitation -- Size and Shape of the Catchment Area -- Geographical Conditions -- Meteorological Conditions -- Drainage Net -- Other Factors -- Sources or Components of Runoff -- Direct Precipitation on the Stream Channel -- Surface Runoff -- Interflow -- Groundwater Flow -- Regeneration -- Estimation of Runoff -- Standard Tables -- Binnie's table -- Rainfall-Runoff correlation -- Strange's Coefficient -- Barlow's method -- Empirical Formulae -- Sir Inglis formula -- Khosla's formula -- Rational formula -- Deducting Abstractions from Precipitation -- Rainfall-Runoff Correlation -- Dependable Flow -- Flow Duration Curve -- Runoff Coefficient -- Runoff Cycle -- Flood -- Definition -- Features of Flood -- Causes of Flood -- Water Year -- Factors Affecting Flood -- Precipitation -- Size And Shape of Basin -- Movement of Storm -- Antecedent Precipitation Index -- Other Factors -- Classification of Floods -- Estimation of Floods -- Estimation And Increase Of Observed Floods -- Envelope Curve -- Empirical Formulae -- dickens formula -- sir inglis formula -- Ali Nawaz Jung Bahadur Formula -- Rational formula -- Unit hydrograph procedure Formula -- Statistical Methods -- Probability Plotting -- Probability Of Extreme Conditions -- Gumbell's Distribution -- Log-Pearson Type Iii Distribution -- RISK -- Discharge Measurement -- Definition -- Importance Of Discharge Measurement -- Units Of Discharge -- Objectives Of Discharge Measurement -- The Basic Principle -- Water Potential -- Units Of Water Potential -- The Stream -- The Stage Of A River -- Measurement Of A Stage -- Wading The Stream -- Fixing Gauges -- Suspension Weight Method -- Water-Stage Recorder -- Automatic Water Level Recorder -- Measurement Of Discharge -- Selection Of A Site -- Cross-Sectional Area Of A Stream -- Evaluation Of A Cross-Sectional Area -- Echo Sounder.

Area-Slope Method.

Elementary Engineering Hydrology is a textbook for undergraduate and diploma students of civil engineering. It provides a comprehensive coverage of all the essential aspects of hydrology. To make it easy for students to grasp the concepts, all important topics have been divided into sub-topics, lending clarity to the subject matter. The text is interspersed with numerous figures and tables, and a wide range of solved problems to illustrate the underlying concepts and techniques effectively. Simple and comprehensible for beginners in the course, this book also contains a host of additional information, by way of appendices, including India's National Water Policy, water resources of India and also a guide to using survey maps. These features of the book will make it an invaluable reference book for practicing engineers as well.

Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, Michigan : ProQuest Ebook Central, 2018. Available via World Wide Web. Access may be limited to ProQuest Ebook Central affiliated libraries.