Cover -- Advanced Surveying -- Copyright -- Contents -- Preface -- Fundamental Concepts of GIS -- Introduction -- Various Definitions of GIS -- Ordinary Mapping to Geographic Information Systems -- Comparison of GIS with CAD and Other Systems -- Land Information System -- Automated Mapping and Facility Management -- GIS-T -- GIS Architecture -- Data Input -- Data Storage and Retrieval -- Data Manipulation and Analysis -- Data Output -- Components of a GIS -- Hardware -- Software -- Data -- People -- Methods -- The Four Ms -- GIS Workflow -- Fundamental Operations of GIS -- Levels of Use of a GIS -- Objective of GIS -- The Theoretical Framework of a GIS -- Accuracy in a GIS -- Data Exploration -- Thematic Layering -- Levels of Measurement in GIS -- Categories of GIS -- Topology -- Review Questions -- GIS Data Models -- Introduction -- GIS Data Types -- Spatial Data -- Attribute Data -- Spatial Data Models -- Vector Data Model -- Raster Data Model -- Image Data -- Vector and Raster-Advantages and Disadvantages -- Attribute Data Models -- Tabular Model -- Hierarchical Model -- Network Model -- Relational Model -- Object-Oriented Model -- Digital Elevation Model -- The Availability of DEM Data -- DEM and Geographical Information Systems -- Applications of DEM -- Scientific Applications -- Commercial Applications -- Industrial Applications -- Operational Applications -- Data Structure for Continuous Surface Model -- Review Questions -- Data Acquisition -- Data Acquisition in GIS -- Analog Maps -- Aerial Photographs -- Satellite Imagery -- Ground Survey -- Global Positioning System -- Reports and Publications -- Digitizers -- The Map Digitizing Operation -- Major Problems of Map Digitization -- Advantages of Digitized Storage -- Scanners -- Digital Mapping by Aerial Photogrammetry -- Remote Sensing with Satellite Imagery -- Rasterisation.

Vectorisation -- Advanced Technologies for Primary Data Acquisition -- Digital Mapping by Aerial Photogrammetry -- Digital Data Acquisition -- Data Processing -- Media Conversion -- Geographic Data Conversion -- Registration/Coordinate Transformation -- Tiling and Edge Matching -- Digitizing Issues -- Functions of GIS -- Compilation -- Storage -- Manipulation -- Output -- Spatial Data Relationships -- Topology -- Comparison of Analog Map vs Digital Map -- Review Questions -- Maps and Map Projections -- Introduction -- Types of Maps -- Cadastral Maps -- Topographic Maps -- Thematic Maps -- Remotely Sensed Images -- Scale of a Map -- Representing the Scale of a Map -- Map Symbols -- Uses of Maps -- Characteristics of Maps -- Map Projection -- An Ideal Map Projection -- Projection Characteristics -- Features of Various Projections -- The Standard Parallel and Standard Meridian -- Different Map Projections -- Map Projection According to the Development of Surface -- Map Projection According to the Method of Deviation -- Map Projection According to the Global Properties -- Construction of Map Projection -- Cylindrical Map Projection -- Cylindrical Map Projection Characteristics -- Types of Cylindrical Projection -- Conical Projections -- Properties of Conical Projection -- Equidistant Conic Projection -- Simple Conic -- Lambert Conformal Conic Projection -- Azimuthal Projections -- Normal Azimuthal Projections -- The Gnomonic Projection -- Stereographic Projection -- Orthographic Projection -- Equidistant Projection -- Lambert Equivalent Projection -- Review Questions -- The Coordinate System -- Introduction -- Plane Coordinate Systems -- Plane Cartesian Coordinates -- Plane Polar Coordinates -- Cartesian 3-D Coordinate Systems -- Geographic Coordinate Systems -- Projected Coordinate Systems -- The Elevation -- Astronomical Coordinate Systems.

Geoid and Reference Ellipsoids -- Cartography -- Traditional Cartography -- Computer Cartography -- GPS Mapping -- Transformation Methods -- Analytical Transformation -- Direct Transformation by the Grid-on-Grid Method -- Numerical Transformation Methods -- Determination of the polynomial coefficients -- Factors Influencing the Choice of Suitable Map Projections -- Review Questions -- Application of GIS -- Introduction -- Some Applications of GIS -- GIS in Environmental Fields -- GIS in Forestry -- GIS in Hydrology -- Military Application -- GIS in Health Management -- GIS in Geology -- GIS in Business -- GIS in Infrastructure and Utilities -- GIS in Land Information -- GIS in Computer Cartography -- GIS in Agriculture -- GIS in Archeology -- GIS in Fisheries -- GIS Application Areas and User Segments -- Custom GIS Software Application -- Custom GIS -- User Interface -- Usability Engineering in the GIS Domain -- Important GIS User Interface Issues -- Geographic Visualization -- Geographic Query Languages -- Compatibility and Portability of Systems -- Future GIS User Interfaces -- Internet Use -- Object Orientation -- Portable Computing -- Real Time Access to High Resolution Satellite Data -- Guidelines for the Preparation of a GIS -- Application of GIS for Land Use and Housing Management -- Application of GIS in the Assessment of Physical Transformation of an Urban Area -- Land Use and Activities of an Urban Area -- Application of GIS Possibilities and Limitations -- Application of GIS-Case Studies -- Case Study 1 -- Case Study 2 -- Case Study 3 -- Case Study 4 -- Case Study 5 -- Case Study 6 -- Case Study 7 -- Case Study 8 -- Review Questions -- Basics of Total Station -- Introduction -- Advantages of Total Station -- Disadvantages of Total Station -- Measuring Angles -- Types of Total Stations -- Advancement in Total Station Technology.

Automatic Target Recognition -- Review Questions -- Electronic Distance Measurement -- Introduction -- Measurement Principle of EDM Instrument -- EDM Instrument Characteristics -- Different Wavelength Bands Used by EDM -- Errors in Electronic Distance Measurements -- Error Correction in Electronic Distance Measurements -- Zero Correction -- Prism Integer -- Error by Incidence Angle -- Prisms Used for Electronic Distance Measurements -- Accuracy in Electronic Distance Measurements -- Field Procedure of Electronic Distance Measurement -- Geometry of Electronic Distance Measurements -- EDM without Reflecting Prisms -- Focussing and Sighting -- EDM Accuracies -- Review Questions -- Surveying Using Total Station -- Introduction -- Fundamental Parameters of Total Station -- Parameters for Calculation -- Correction Factors and Constants -- Precautions to be Taken While Using a Total Station -- Field Equipment -- Setup -- Setting up a Back Sight -- Azimuth Mark -- Measurement with Total Station -- Total Station Initial Setting -- Field Book Recording -- Radial Shooting -- Traverse -- Survey Station Description -- Occupied Point -- Data Retrieval -- Field Generated Graphics -- Construction Layout Using Total Stations -- Overview of Computerized Survey Data Systems -- Data Gathering Components -- Data Processing Components of the System -- Data Plotting -- Equipment Maintenance -- Maintaining Battery Power -- Total Station Job Planning and Estimating -- Error Sources of Electronic Theodolite -- Total Survey System Error Sources and How to Avoid Them -- Controlling Errors -- Field Coding -- Field Computers -- Modem for Data Transfer -- Trigonometric Levelling and Vertical Traversing -- Trigonometric Levelling-Field Procedures -- Trigonometric Levelling-Error Sources -- Review Questions -- Data Collection Procedures -- General.

Functional Requirements of a Generic Data Collector -- Data Collection Operating Procedures -- Responsibility of the Field Crew for Data Collection and Processing -- Interfacing the Data Collector with a Computer -- Digital Data -- Digital Transfer of the Data to Application Software -- Requirements of a Data Collector -- Coding of Field Data While Using a Data Collector -- Summary of Data Collector Field-to-Finish Procedures -- Review Questions -- Automatic Level, Digital Level and Optical Theodolites -- Automatic Level -- Digital Level -- Micro Optical Theodolites -- General Description of a Micro Optical Theodolite -- Centering the Theodolite with the Optical Plummet -- Focussing and Sighting -- Reading Angles -- Measuring Single Angles -- Measuring Sets of Directions -- Measuring Vertical Angles -- Measuring Vertical Angles with the Three Wire Method -- Tacheometric Observation -- Horizontal Collimation Error and Its Adjustments -- Vertical Collimation Error (Index Error) and Its Adjustments -- Review Questions -- Aerial Surveying -- General Background -- Terrestrial Photogrammetry -- Aerial Photogrammetry -- Photographing Devices -- Metric Cameras -- Stereo Metric Camera -- Aerial Photographs -- Photographic Scale -- Photo Interpretation -- Flying Heights and Altitude -- Mapping from Aerial Photography -- Relief Displacement -- Tilt Displacements -- Correction of Relief and Tilt -- Flight Planning -- Planning Flight Lines and Layout of Photography -- Coverage of the Photograph -- Ground Control for Mapping -- Number of Photographs -- Mosaics -- Stereoscopy -- Lens Stereoscope and Mirror Stereoscope -- Parallax -- Aerial Triangulation -- Radial Triangulation -- The Slotted Template Method -- Radial Line Plotte -- Photogrammetric Techniques -- Mapping from a Single Photograph -- Stereophotogrammetry -- Mapping from Several Photographs.

Photogrammetric Stereoscopic Plotting Techniques.

Modern Surveying is unimaginable without the use of electronic equipment and information technology. Surveying with conventional systems has been completely replaced with advanced automated systems. Total Station, Global Positioning System (GPS), Remote Sensing and Geographical Information System (GIS) have all become an inextricable part of surveying. This book provides a thorough working knowledge of these technologies.

Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, Michigan : ProQuest Ebook Central, 2018. Available via World Wide Web. Access may be limited to ProQuest Ebook Central affiliated libraries.