Cover -- Contents -- Preface -- About the Authors -- Chapter 1: Introduction to Computers -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Characteristics of Computers -- 1.3 Evolution of Computers -- 1.4 Computer Generations -- 1.4.1 First Generation (1940-1956): Vacuum Tubes -- 1.4.2 Second Generation (1956-1963): Transistors -- 1.4.3 Third Generation (1964 to Early 1970s): Integrated Circuits -- 1.4.4 Fourth Generation (Early 1970s Till Date): Microprocessors -- 1.4.5 Fifth Generation (Present and Beyond): Artificial Intelligence -- 1.5 Classification of Computers -- 1.5.1 Micro Computers -- 1.5.2 Mini Computers -- 1.5.3 Mainframe Computer -- 1.5.4 Super Computers -- 1.6 Application of Computers -- 1.7 Basic Computer Organization -- 1.7.1 Hardware -- 1.8 Stored Program Architecture of a Computer -- 1.9 Evolution of Processors -- Summary -- Exercises -- Chapter 2: Computer Memory and Storage -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.1.1 Memory Representation -- 2.2 Memory Hierarchy -- 2.3 Random Access Memory (RAM) -- 2.4 Read Only Memory (ROM) -- 2.4.1 Types of ROM -- 2.5 RAM, ROM, and CPU Interaction -- 2.6 Types of Secondary Storage Devices -- 2.7 Magnetic Tape -- 2.7.1 Magnetic Tape Organization -- 2.7.2 Advantages of Magnetic Tapes -- 2.7.3 Disadvantages of Magnetic Tapes -- 2.8 Magnetic Disk -- 2.8.1 Storage Organization of a Magnetic Disk -- 2.8.2 Accessing Data from Magnetic Disk -- 2.9 Types of Magnetic Disks -- 2.9.1 Floppy Disk -- 2.9.2 Read/write Operation of a Floppy Disk -- 2.9.3 Hard Disk -- 2.9.4 Read/write Operation of a Hard Disk -- 2.9.5 Zip Disk -- 2.9.6 Read/write Operation of a Zip Disk -- 2.9.7 Advantages of Magnetic Disks -- 2.9.8 Disadvantages of Magnetic Disks -- 2.10 Optical Disk -- 2.10.1 Storage Organization of Optical Disk -- 2.10.2 Access Mechanism of Optical Disk -- 2.11 Types of Optical Disks -- 2.11.1 Compact Disk.

2.11.2 Reading Data from a CD-ROM -- 2.11.3 Writing Data to a CD -- 2.11.4 Digital Versatile Disk -- 2.11.5 Blu-ray Disk -- 2.11.6 Advantages of Optical Disks -- 2.11.7 Disadvantages of Optical Disks -- 2.12 Magneto-Optical Storage Devices -- 2.12.1 Basics of MO Reading -- 2.12.2 Basics of MO Recording -- 2.13 Universal Serial Bus (USB) -- 2.13.1 Pen Drive -- 2.13.2 External Hard Disk Drive -- 2.14 Memory Stick -- 2.15 Mass Storage Devices -- Summary -- Exercises -- Chapter 3: Computer Software -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Software -- 3.2.1 Relationship between Software and Hardware -- 3.3 Types of Software -- 3.3.1 System Software -- 3.3.2 Application Software -- 3.4 Software Terminologies -- 3.5 Installing and Uninstalling Software -- 3.6 Software Piracy -- 3.6.1 Types of Software Piracy -- 3.6.2 Preventing Software Piracy -- 3.7 Starting a Computer (Booting) -- 3.8 Software Development Steps -- Summary -- Exercises -- Chapter 4: Computer Programming and Languages -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.1.1 Planning the Computer Program -- 4.2 Problem-Solving Techniques -- 4.2.1 Algorithms -- 4.2.2 Flowchart -- 4.2.3 Pseudocode -- 4.3 Program Control Structures -- 4.3.1 Sequence Control Structure -- 4.3.2 Selection Control Structure -- 4.3.3 Repetition Control Structure -- 4.4 Programming Languages -- 4.4.1 Types of Programming Languages -- 4.5 Generations of Programming Languages -- 4.5.1 Low Level Programming Language -- 4.5.2 Second Generation: Assembly Language -- 4.5.3 Third Generation: High-level Language -- 4.5.4 Fourth Generation: 4GL -- 4.5.5 Fifth Generation: Very High-level Languages -- 4.6 Language Translators -- 4.7 Features of a Good Programming Language -- Summary -- Exercises -- Chapter 5: Number Systems and Binary Codes -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.1.1 Types of Number System -- 5.1.2 Conversion between Number Bases -- 5.2 Binary Addition Arithmetic.

5.3 Arithmetic Number Representations -- 5.3.1 Unsigned Number -- 5.3.2 Signed Magnitude Number -- 5.3.3 Two's Complement -- 5.3.4 Sign Extended Two's Complement Number for the Arithmetic Operations on Bigger Numbers -- 5.4 Binary Subtraction -- 5.5 Binary Multiplication of Unsigned Numbers -- 5.6 Multiplication Method When Multiplier is 2n Where n is an Integer -- 5.7 Multiplication Method When Multiplier is a Small Number -- 5.8 Multiplication Method for n-Bit by N-Bit Signed Numbers, X and Y -- 5.9 Binary Arithmetic Division by Successive Subtraction Method -- 5.10 Floating Point Numbers -- 5.10.1 Concept of Bias -- 5.10.2 Concept of Normalization -- 5.10.3 Finding Decimal Number from Floating Point Number -- 5.10.4 Finding Floating Point Number from Decimal Number -- 5.10.5 Representation of Zero in Floating Point Number Representation -- 5.10.6 Representation When Exponent Field Is 0 but Fraction not Zero and Close to 0 Compared to 1 in Floating Point Number Representation -- 5.10.7 Representation of Infinite Number in Floating Point Number Representation -- 5.10.8 Representation of NAN (Not a Number) in Floating Point Number Representation -- 5.11 Code Converters -- 5.11.1 Codes for Decimal Numbers -- 5.11.2 Unit Distance Code Converter -- 5.11.3 ASCII (American Standard Code for Information Interchange) for the Alphanumeric Characters -- 5.12 Equality and Magnitude Comparators Between Two 4-Bit Numbers -- 5.13 Odd Parity and Even Parity Generators -- 5.14 The 4-Bit AND, OR, XOR Between Two Words -- 5.14.1 AND -- 5.14.2 OR -- 5.14.3 XOR -- 5.14.4 Test -- Summary -- Exercises -- Chapter 6: Introduction to C -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Overview of Compilers and Interpreters -- 6.3 Structure of a C Program -- 6.4 Intermediate Code -- 6.5 Object and Executable Codes -- 6.6 Programming Rules -- 6.7 Importance of Braces ({ }) in a C Program.

6.8 Executing the Program -- 6.9 Flowchart for the Execution of a C Program -- Summary -- Exercises -- Chapter 7: The C Declarations -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 C Character Set -- 7.3 Delimiters -- 7.4 C Keywords -- 7.5 Identifiers -- 7.6 Constants -- 7.6.1 Numerical Constants -- 7.6.2 Character Constants -- 7.7 Variables -- 7.8 Rules for Defining Variables -- 7.9 Data Types -- 7.9.1 Integer Data Types -- 7.9.2 Characters - Signed and Unsigned -- 7.9.3 Floats and Doubles -- 7.9.4 Entire Data Types in C -- 7.10 Declaring Variables -- 7.11 Initializing Variables -- 7.12 Dynamic Initialization -- 7.13 Type Conversion -- 7.14 Constant and Volatile Variables -- Summary -- Exercises -- Chapter 8: Operators and Expressions -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Expressions -- 8.3 Properties of Operators -- 8.4 Priority of Operators and their Clubbing -- 8.5 Comma and Conditional Operators -- 8.6 Arithmetic Operators -- 8.7 Relational Operators -- 8.8 Logical Operators -- 8.9 Bitwise Operators -- Summary -- Exercises -- Chapter 9: Input, Output, and Control Loop Statements -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Input and Output Functions -- 9.3 Formatted Functions -- 9.4 Flags, Width, and Precision with the Format String -- 9.5 Unformatted Functions -- 9.6 Commonly Used Library Functions -- 9.7 Control Structures -- 9.8 if Statement -- 9.9 if-else Statement -- 9.10 Nested if-else Statements -- 9.11 switch Statement -- 9.12 What is a Program Loop? -- 9.13 for Loop -- 9.14 Nested for Loops -- 9.15 while Loop -- 9.16 do-while Loop -- 9.17 do-while Statement with while Loop -- 9.18 break Statement -- 9.19 continue Statement -- 9.20 goto Statement -- Summary -- Exercises -- Chapter 10: Storage Class -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Scope of a Variable -- 10.3 Automatic Variables -- 10.4 External Variables -- 10.5 Static Variables -- 10.6 Register Variables -- Summary -- Exercises.

Chapter 11: Preprocessor Directives -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Macro Substitution -- 11.3 The #define Directive -- 11.4 Undefining a Macro -- 11.5 Token Pasting and Stringising Operators -- 11.6 The #include Directive -- 11.7 Conditional Compilation -- 11.8 The #ifndef Directive -- 11.9 The #error Directive -- 11.10 The #line Directive -- 11.11 The inline Directive -- 11.12 The #pragma Saveregs -- 11.13 The #pragma Directive -- 11.14 The Predefined Macros in ANSI and Turbo-C -- 11.15 Standard I/O Predefined Streams in stdio.h -- 11.16 The Predefined Macros in ctype.h -- 11.17 Assertions -- Summary -- Exercises -- Chapter 12: Arrays -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 Array Initialization -- 12.3 Definition of an Array -- 12.4 Characteristics of an Array -- 12.5 One-Dimensional Array -- 12.6 Predefined Streams -- 12.7 Two-Dimensional Array -- 12.8 Three-or Multi-Dimensional Arrays -- 12.9 The sscanf () and sprintf () Functions -- 12.10 Operations with Arrays -- 12.10.1 Deletion -- 12.10.2 Insertion -- 12.10.3 Searching -- 12.10.4 Merging -- Summary -- Exercises -- Chapter 13: Pointers -- 13.1 Introduction -- 13.2 Features of Pointers -- 13.3 Pointer Declaration -- 13.4 Arithmetic Operations with Pointers -- 13.5 Pointers and Arrays -- 13.6 Pointers and Two-Dimensional Arrays -- 13.7 Array of Pointers -- 13.8 void Pointers -- Summary -- Exercises -- Chapter 14: Dynamic Memory Allocation -- 14.1 Dynamic Memory Allocation -- 14.2 Memory Models -- 14.3 Dynamic Memory Management Functions -- Summary -- Exercises -- Chapter 15: Structure and union -- 15.1 Introduction -- 15.2 Features of Structures -- 15.3 Definition, Declaration, and Initialization of Structure -- 15.4 Structure Within Structure -- 15.5 Array of Structures -- 15.6 Pointer to Structure -- 15.7 Structure and Functions -- 15.8 typedef -- 15.9 Bit Fields -- 15.10 Enumerated Data Type -- 15.11 union.

15.12 Calling BIOS and DOS Services.

Computer Programming and IT is a student-friendly, practical and example-driven book that gives students a solid foundation in the basics of computer programming and information technology. The contents have been designed to correspond with the requirements of courses in computer programming and IT. A rich collection of solved examples makes this book indispensable for students.

Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, Michigan : ProQuest Ebook Central, 2018. Available via World Wide Web. Access may be limited to ProQuest Ebook Central affiliated libraries.