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Heat and Thermodynamics.

By: Material type: TextTextEdition: 0Description: 1 online resource (508 pages)ISBN:
  • 9789332511804
Genre/Form: Additional physical formats: Print version:: Heat and ThermodynamicsDDC classification:
  • 23 621.4021
Online resources:
Contents:
Cover -- Contents -- Preface -- About the Author -- Chapter 1: Mathematical Preliminaries -- 1.1 Partial Differentiation -- 1.1.1 Total Differential of a Function -- 1.1.2 Total Derivative of a Function -- 1.1.3 The Perfect or Exact Differential -- 1.1.4 The Integrating Factor -- 1.1.5 Geometrical Meaning of Perfect Differential -- 1.2 Definition of Mechanical Work -- 1.2.1 Work Done in Rotational Motion -- 1.3 Energy -- 1.3.1 Kinetic Energy -- 1.3.2 Potential Energy -- 1.4 Conservative Field of Force -- 1.4.1 The Work Function -- 1.4.2 The Potential Function -- 1.4.3 The Energy Equation (for conservative system) -- 1.5 Non-conservative System of Forces -- 1.5.1 Principle of Conservation of Energy -- 1.6 Gamma functions and Some Integrations -- Chapter 2: Thermometry -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 General Theory of Thermometry -- 2.3 Liquid Thermometer -- 2.4 Gas Thermometer -- 2.4.1 Constant Volume Hydrogen Thermometer -- 2.4.2 Callendar's Compensated Constant Pressure Air Thermometer -- 2.4.3 Limitations of Gas Thermometers -- 2.5 Resistance Thermometer -- 2.5.1 Platinum Resistance Thermometer -- 2.6 Thermocouple Thermometers -- 2.7 Low and High Temperature Thermometry -- Solved Problems -- Problems -- Questions -- Chapter 3: The Mechanical Equivalent of Heat -- 3.1 On the Nature of Heat: The Caloric Theory of Heat -- 3.1.1 The Dynamical Theory of Heat -- 3.2 Friction Methods for Determining J. Joule's Method -- 3.2.1 Searle's Method of Measuring J -- 3.3 Work Done During Expansion of a Gas at Constant Pressure -- 3.3.1 Mayer's Method of Determining J -- 3.4 Callendar and Barnes' Steady Flow Method -- 3.4.1 Other Methods of Determining J -- 3.5 Newton's Law of Cooling -- 3.5.1 Specific Heat at Constant Volume, Cu -- 3.5.2 Specific Heat at Constant Pressure Cp -- 3.5.3 Relation Between Cp and Cu -- 3.5.4 Principle of Calorimetry.
3.5.5 Measurement of Specific Heat of Solids -- 3.5.6 Measurement of Specific Heat of the Liquids -- 3.6 Specific Heat of a Gas by Joly's Differential Steam Caloriemeter -- 3.7 Determination of Specific Heat of a Gas at Constant Pressure by Regnault's Method -- 3.8 Determination of by Clement and Desorme's Method -- Solved Problems -- Problems -- Questions -- Chapter 4: Kinetic Theory of Gases -- 4.1 Macroscopic and Microscopic Points of View -- 4.1.1 The Growth of the Kinetic Theory -- 4.2 Derivation of the Pressure Exerted by a Perfect Gas -- 4.2.1 Calculation of Pressure Exerted by a Perfect Gas -- 4.3 Distribution Function of Velocities -- 4.3.1 Assumption of Molecular Chaos -- 4.3.2 The Velocity Space -- 4.3.3 Maxwell's Law of Distribution of Velocities -- 4.3.4 Value of the Constants a and b -- 4.3.5 Graphical Representation of the Change of the Distribution of Velocity with Temperature -- 4.3.6 The Average Velocity of the Molecules -- 4.3.7 Maxwell's Law -- 4.4 Elastic Collisions -- 4.4.1 The Mechanical Laws Obeyed by Collision -- 4.4.2 Class-A Molecules -- 4.4.3 Class-B Molecules -- 4.4.4 Proof of Maxwellian Law of Distribution of Velocities -- 4.4.5 Calculation of Collisions of Class a -- 4.4.6 Boltzmann's H-Function -- 4.4.7 Experimental Verification of Maxwells' Law -- 4.4.8 Mixed Gases and Equipartition of Energy -- 4.5 Energy of Gas Molecules -- 4.5.1 Degrees of Freedom of a Molecule -- 4.5.2 Equipartition of Energy Amongst Different Degrees of Freedom -- 4.5.3 Molecular Energy and Specific Heat -- 4.5.4 Dulong and Petit's Law of Specific Heat of a Monatomic Solid -- 4.5.5 Kinetic Theory and Variation of Specific Heat -- 4.6 Finite Volume of a Molecule, Mean Free Path -- 4.6.1 Definition of Mean Free Path -- 4.6.2 Calculation of Mean Free Path -- 4.6.3 Calculation of Mean Free Path on the Assumption of Uniform Molecular Velocity.
4.6.4 Maxwell's Mean Free Path -- 4.6.5 Tait's Mean Free Path -- 4.6.6 Jean's Mean Free Path -- 4.6.7 Mean Free Path in a Mixture of Gases -- 4.6.8 Correction for Mean Free Path on Account of Finite Size of Molecules -- 4.6.9 The Collision Rate -- 4.6.10 Correction for Relative Velocity -- 4.6.11 Pressure-Volume Relation of Clausius -- 4.6.12 Number of Molecules Striking Unit Area of a Surface per Second -- 4.6.13 The Probability of a Free Path -- 4.6.14 Experimental Determination of Mean Free Path -- 4.7 The Transport Phenomena -- 4.7.1 Experimental Definition of Viscosity of a Gas -- 4.7.2 Experimental Definition of Heat Conductivity of a Gas -- 4.7.3 Experimental Definition of Coefficient of Self-Diffusion -- 4.7.4 The Transport Theorem -- 4.7.5 Evaluation of Viscosity Coefficient -- 4.7.6 Evaluation of Heat Conductivity of a Gas -- 4.7.7 Evaluation of Coefficient of Self-Diffusion -- 4.7.8 Maxwell's Method of Evaluation of h -- 4.7.9 Other Expressions for the Numerical -- 4.7.10 Agreement of the Approximate Theory with Observation -- 4.7.11 Sutherland's Formula for Variation of Viscosity with Temperature -- 4.8 Viscosity of Gases at Low Pressures -- 4.8.1 Evaluation of the Coefficient of Slip -- 4.9 Collisions with a Solid Boundary: Pressure Exerted by a Gas Introducing Mean Free Path Concept -- 4.9.1 Knudsen's Cosine Law -- 4.9.2 Knudsen's Experiment -- 4.10 Kinetic Theory of Conduction of Heat Through a Gas -- 4.10.1 Evaluation of Coefficient of Heat Conduction Considering the Distribution of Free Path and Velocities -- 4.10.2 Conduction of Heat Through Rarefied Gases -- 4.10.3 The Accommodation Coefficient -- 4.10.4 Knudsen's Absolute Manometer -- 4.11 Theory of Self-Diffusion in a Gas -- 4.11.1 Pressure and Thermal Diffusion -- 4.12 Thermal Transpiration -- Thermal Creep and the Radiometer In -- 4.13 Evidences of Molecular Motion.
4.13.1 Characteristic Features of Brownian Motion -- 4.13.2 Einstein and Smoluchowski's Equation for Brownian Motion -- 4.13.3 Brownian Motion in Gases -- Solved Problems -- Problems -- Questions -- Chapter 5: Equations of State -- 5.1 Equation of State of Perfect Gas -- 5.2 Van der Waals' Equation of State -- 5.3 Determination of the Constants a and b -- 5.4 Discussions on Van der Waals' Equation -- 5.5 Comparison of Van der Waals' Equation with Andrews' Experimental Curves -- 5.6 Experimental Determination of Critical Constants -- 5.7 Reduced Equation of State and Law of Corresponding States -- 5.8 Merits and Demerits of Van der Waals' Equation -- 5.9 Boyle Temperature from Van der Waals' Equation -- 5.10 Other Equations of State -- Solved Problems -- Problems -- Questions -- Chapter 6: Change of State -- 6.1 Deduction of Clausius-Clapeyron's Equations -- 6.2 Specific Heat of Saturated Vapours -- 6.3 Internal and External Latent Heats -- 6.4 Deduction of Clapeyron's Equations from Thermodynamic Potential -- 6.5 The Steam Line, the Hoar Frost Line and the Ice Line -- 6.6 The Phase Rule -- 6.7 Thermodynamics of Solutions -- 6.7.1 Raoult's Law -- Solved Problems -- Problems -- Questions -- Chapter 7: The Joule-Thomson Cooling Effect -- 7.1. Introduction -- 7.2 The Theory of The Experiment -- 7.3 Calculation of Amount of Cooling -- 7.4 Calculation of Cooling Co-efficient from Van Der Waals' Equation -- 7.5 Condition for Liquefaction of Gases -- 7.6 Regenerative Cooling -- 7.6.1 Efficiency of the Liquefier -- 7.7 Method of Adiabatic Demagnetization -- 7.7.1 Theory of the Method -- 7.8 Liquefaction of Air -- 7.8.1 Linde's Process -- 7.8.2 Claude's Method -- 7.8.3 Heylandt's Method -- 7.9 Liquefaction of Hydrogen -- 7.10 Liquefaction of Helium -- 7.10.1 Simon's Single Expansion Method of Liquefaction of Helium -- 7.11 Properties of Liquid Helium.
7.12 Measurement of Low Temperature -- 7.12.1 Secondary Thermometers -- 7.13 Measurement of Specific Heat at Low Temperatures -- 7.13.1 Measurement of Specific Heat of Gases at Low Temperatures -- 7.14 Refrigerating Mechanism -- 7.14.1 Electrolux Refrigerator: Absorption Type -- 7.14.2 Frigidaire Refrigerator: Compression Type -- 7.15 Air Conditioning Machine -- 7.15.1 Summer Air Conditioning -- 7.15.2 Winter Air Conditioning -- 7.16 Effects of Chlorofluoro Carbons (CFCS) on Ozone Layer -- 7.17 Applications of Substances at Low Temperature -- Solved Problems -- Problems -- Questions -- Chapter 8: First Law of Thermodynamics -- 8.1 Principle of Conservation of Energy -- 8.2 The Thermodynamic State and Thermodynamic Co-ordinates -- 8.2.1 Thermodynamic Equilibrium -- 8.2.2 Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics -- 8.3 Specific Heats and Latent Heats -- 8.4 The Energy Equation -- 8.4.1 dU is a Perfect Differential -- 8.4.2 dQ is Not a Perfect Differential -- 8.4.3 Joule's Experiment -- 8.4.4 Forms of Energy Equation -- 8.4.5 Dependence of Cp and Cv of a Perfect Gas on Pressure and Volume at Constant Temperature -- 8.4.6 Meyer's Method of Determining J -- 8.5 Atmosphere in Convective Equilibrium -- 8.6 The Isothermal and Adiabatic Curves -- 8.6.1 Work Done in Isothermal Expansion -- 8.6.2 Work Done in Adiabatic Expansion -- 8.6.3 Adiabatic and Isothermal Elasticities of a Perfect Gas -- 8.6.4 The Most General Equation Relating to Specific Heats of a Substance -- Solved Problems -- Problems -- Questions -- Chapter 9: The Second Law of Thermodynamics -- 9.1 Limitations of the First Law of Thermodynamics -- 9.2 The Spontaneous Process -- 9.3 The Heat Engine -- 9.3.1 How to Obtain Maximum Amount of Work? -- 9.3.2 Conditions of Obtaining Maximum Amount of Work -- 9.3.3 Reversible Operation -- 9.3.4 Cyclic Operation -- 9.3.5 The Carnot's Engine.
9.3.6 Are Spontaneous Processes Reversible?.
Summary: Heat and Thermodynamics is meant for an introductory course on Heat & Thermodynamics. Emphasis has been given to the fundamentals of thermodynamics. The book uses variety of diagrams, charts and learning aids to enable easy understanding of the subject. Solved numerical problems interspersed within the chapters will help the students to understand the physical significance of the mathematical derivations.
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Holdings
Item type Current library Call number Materials specified Status Barcode
E- Books E- Books Digital Library Digital Library 621.4021 MAN-H Online access Available E0051
Total holds: 0

Cover -- Contents -- Preface -- About the Author -- Chapter 1: Mathematical Preliminaries -- 1.1 Partial Differentiation -- 1.1.1 Total Differential of a Function -- 1.1.2 Total Derivative of a Function -- 1.1.3 The Perfect or Exact Differential -- 1.1.4 The Integrating Factor -- 1.1.5 Geometrical Meaning of Perfect Differential -- 1.2 Definition of Mechanical Work -- 1.2.1 Work Done in Rotational Motion -- 1.3 Energy -- 1.3.1 Kinetic Energy -- 1.3.2 Potential Energy -- 1.4 Conservative Field of Force -- 1.4.1 The Work Function -- 1.4.2 The Potential Function -- 1.4.3 The Energy Equation (for conservative system) -- 1.5 Non-conservative System of Forces -- 1.5.1 Principle of Conservation of Energy -- 1.6 Gamma functions and Some Integrations -- Chapter 2: Thermometry -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 General Theory of Thermometry -- 2.3 Liquid Thermometer -- 2.4 Gas Thermometer -- 2.4.1 Constant Volume Hydrogen Thermometer -- 2.4.2 Callendar's Compensated Constant Pressure Air Thermometer -- 2.4.3 Limitations of Gas Thermometers -- 2.5 Resistance Thermometer -- 2.5.1 Platinum Resistance Thermometer -- 2.6 Thermocouple Thermometers -- 2.7 Low and High Temperature Thermometry -- Solved Problems -- Problems -- Questions -- Chapter 3: The Mechanical Equivalent of Heat -- 3.1 On the Nature of Heat: The Caloric Theory of Heat -- 3.1.1 The Dynamical Theory of Heat -- 3.2 Friction Methods for Determining J. Joule's Method -- 3.2.1 Searle's Method of Measuring J -- 3.3 Work Done During Expansion of a Gas at Constant Pressure -- 3.3.1 Mayer's Method of Determining J -- 3.4 Callendar and Barnes' Steady Flow Method -- 3.4.1 Other Methods of Determining J -- 3.5 Newton's Law of Cooling -- 3.5.1 Specific Heat at Constant Volume, Cu -- 3.5.2 Specific Heat at Constant Pressure Cp -- 3.5.3 Relation Between Cp and Cu -- 3.5.4 Principle of Calorimetry.

3.5.5 Measurement of Specific Heat of Solids -- 3.5.6 Measurement of Specific Heat of the Liquids -- 3.6 Specific Heat of a Gas by Joly's Differential Steam Caloriemeter -- 3.7 Determination of Specific Heat of a Gas at Constant Pressure by Regnault's Method -- 3.8 Determination of by Clement and Desorme's Method -- Solved Problems -- Problems -- Questions -- Chapter 4: Kinetic Theory of Gases -- 4.1 Macroscopic and Microscopic Points of View -- 4.1.1 The Growth of the Kinetic Theory -- 4.2 Derivation of the Pressure Exerted by a Perfect Gas -- 4.2.1 Calculation of Pressure Exerted by a Perfect Gas -- 4.3 Distribution Function of Velocities -- 4.3.1 Assumption of Molecular Chaos -- 4.3.2 The Velocity Space -- 4.3.3 Maxwell's Law of Distribution of Velocities -- 4.3.4 Value of the Constants a and b -- 4.3.5 Graphical Representation of the Change of the Distribution of Velocity with Temperature -- 4.3.6 The Average Velocity of the Molecules -- 4.3.7 Maxwell's Law -- 4.4 Elastic Collisions -- 4.4.1 The Mechanical Laws Obeyed by Collision -- 4.4.2 Class-A Molecules -- 4.4.3 Class-B Molecules -- 4.4.4 Proof of Maxwellian Law of Distribution of Velocities -- 4.4.5 Calculation of Collisions of Class a -- 4.4.6 Boltzmann's H-Function -- 4.4.7 Experimental Verification of Maxwells' Law -- 4.4.8 Mixed Gases and Equipartition of Energy -- 4.5 Energy of Gas Molecules -- 4.5.1 Degrees of Freedom of a Molecule -- 4.5.2 Equipartition of Energy Amongst Different Degrees of Freedom -- 4.5.3 Molecular Energy and Specific Heat -- 4.5.4 Dulong and Petit's Law of Specific Heat of a Monatomic Solid -- 4.5.5 Kinetic Theory and Variation of Specific Heat -- 4.6 Finite Volume of a Molecule, Mean Free Path -- 4.6.1 Definition of Mean Free Path -- 4.6.2 Calculation of Mean Free Path -- 4.6.3 Calculation of Mean Free Path on the Assumption of Uniform Molecular Velocity.

4.6.4 Maxwell's Mean Free Path -- 4.6.5 Tait's Mean Free Path -- 4.6.6 Jean's Mean Free Path -- 4.6.7 Mean Free Path in a Mixture of Gases -- 4.6.8 Correction for Mean Free Path on Account of Finite Size of Molecules -- 4.6.9 The Collision Rate -- 4.6.10 Correction for Relative Velocity -- 4.6.11 Pressure-Volume Relation of Clausius -- 4.6.12 Number of Molecules Striking Unit Area of a Surface per Second -- 4.6.13 The Probability of a Free Path -- 4.6.14 Experimental Determination of Mean Free Path -- 4.7 The Transport Phenomena -- 4.7.1 Experimental Definition of Viscosity of a Gas -- 4.7.2 Experimental Definition of Heat Conductivity of a Gas -- 4.7.3 Experimental Definition of Coefficient of Self-Diffusion -- 4.7.4 The Transport Theorem -- 4.7.5 Evaluation of Viscosity Coefficient -- 4.7.6 Evaluation of Heat Conductivity of a Gas -- 4.7.7 Evaluation of Coefficient of Self-Diffusion -- 4.7.8 Maxwell's Method of Evaluation of h -- 4.7.9 Other Expressions for the Numerical -- 4.7.10 Agreement of the Approximate Theory with Observation -- 4.7.11 Sutherland's Formula for Variation of Viscosity with Temperature -- 4.8 Viscosity of Gases at Low Pressures -- 4.8.1 Evaluation of the Coefficient of Slip -- 4.9 Collisions with a Solid Boundary: Pressure Exerted by a Gas Introducing Mean Free Path Concept -- 4.9.1 Knudsen's Cosine Law -- 4.9.2 Knudsen's Experiment -- 4.10 Kinetic Theory of Conduction of Heat Through a Gas -- 4.10.1 Evaluation of Coefficient of Heat Conduction Considering the Distribution of Free Path and Velocities -- 4.10.2 Conduction of Heat Through Rarefied Gases -- 4.10.3 The Accommodation Coefficient -- 4.10.4 Knudsen's Absolute Manometer -- 4.11 Theory of Self-Diffusion in a Gas -- 4.11.1 Pressure and Thermal Diffusion -- 4.12 Thermal Transpiration -- Thermal Creep and the Radiometer In -- 4.13 Evidences of Molecular Motion.

4.13.1 Characteristic Features of Brownian Motion -- 4.13.2 Einstein and Smoluchowski's Equation for Brownian Motion -- 4.13.3 Brownian Motion in Gases -- Solved Problems -- Problems -- Questions -- Chapter 5: Equations of State -- 5.1 Equation of State of Perfect Gas -- 5.2 Van der Waals' Equation of State -- 5.3 Determination of the Constants a and b -- 5.4 Discussions on Van der Waals' Equation -- 5.5 Comparison of Van der Waals' Equation with Andrews' Experimental Curves -- 5.6 Experimental Determination of Critical Constants -- 5.7 Reduced Equation of State and Law of Corresponding States -- 5.8 Merits and Demerits of Van der Waals' Equation -- 5.9 Boyle Temperature from Van der Waals' Equation -- 5.10 Other Equations of State -- Solved Problems -- Problems -- Questions -- Chapter 6: Change of State -- 6.1 Deduction of Clausius-Clapeyron's Equations -- 6.2 Specific Heat of Saturated Vapours -- 6.3 Internal and External Latent Heats -- 6.4 Deduction of Clapeyron's Equations from Thermodynamic Potential -- 6.5 The Steam Line, the Hoar Frost Line and the Ice Line -- 6.6 The Phase Rule -- 6.7 Thermodynamics of Solutions -- 6.7.1 Raoult's Law -- Solved Problems -- Problems -- Questions -- Chapter 7: The Joule-Thomson Cooling Effect -- 7.1. Introduction -- 7.2 The Theory of The Experiment -- 7.3 Calculation of Amount of Cooling -- 7.4 Calculation of Cooling Co-efficient from Van Der Waals' Equation -- 7.5 Condition for Liquefaction of Gases -- 7.6 Regenerative Cooling -- 7.6.1 Efficiency of the Liquefier -- 7.7 Method of Adiabatic Demagnetization -- 7.7.1 Theory of the Method -- 7.8 Liquefaction of Air -- 7.8.1 Linde's Process -- 7.8.2 Claude's Method -- 7.8.3 Heylandt's Method -- 7.9 Liquefaction of Hydrogen -- 7.10 Liquefaction of Helium -- 7.10.1 Simon's Single Expansion Method of Liquefaction of Helium -- 7.11 Properties of Liquid Helium.

7.12 Measurement of Low Temperature -- 7.12.1 Secondary Thermometers -- 7.13 Measurement of Specific Heat at Low Temperatures -- 7.13.1 Measurement of Specific Heat of Gases at Low Temperatures -- 7.14 Refrigerating Mechanism -- 7.14.1 Electrolux Refrigerator: Absorption Type -- 7.14.2 Frigidaire Refrigerator: Compression Type -- 7.15 Air Conditioning Machine -- 7.15.1 Summer Air Conditioning -- 7.15.2 Winter Air Conditioning -- 7.16 Effects of Chlorofluoro Carbons (CFCS) on Ozone Layer -- 7.17 Applications of Substances at Low Temperature -- Solved Problems -- Problems -- Questions -- Chapter 8: First Law of Thermodynamics -- 8.1 Principle of Conservation of Energy -- 8.2 The Thermodynamic State and Thermodynamic Co-ordinates -- 8.2.1 Thermodynamic Equilibrium -- 8.2.2 Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics -- 8.3 Specific Heats and Latent Heats -- 8.4 The Energy Equation -- 8.4.1 dU is a Perfect Differential -- 8.4.2 dQ is Not a Perfect Differential -- 8.4.3 Joule's Experiment -- 8.4.4 Forms of Energy Equation -- 8.4.5 Dependence of Cp and Cv of a Perfect Gas on Pressure and Volume at Constant Temperature -- 8.4.6 Meyer's Method of Determining J -- 8.5 Atmosphere in Convective Equilibrium -- 8.6 The Isothermal and Adiabatic Curves -- 8.6.1 Work Done in Isothermal Expansion -- 8.6.2 Work Done in Adiabatic Expansion -- 8.6.3 Adiabatic and Isothermal Elasticities of a Perfect Gas -- 8.6.4 The Most General Equation Relating to Specific Heats of a Substance -- Solved Problems -- Problems -- Questions -- Chapter 9: The Second Law of Thermodynamics -- 9.1 Limitations of the First Law of Thermodynamics -- 9.2 The Spontaneous Process -- 9.3 The Heat Engine -- 9.3.1 How to Obtain Maximum Amount of Work? -- 9.3.2 Conditions of Obtaining Maximum Amount of Work -- 9.3.3 Reversible Operation -- 9.3.4 Cyclic Operation -- 9.3.5 The Carnot's Engine.

9.3.6 Are Spontaneous Processes Reversible?.

Heat and Thermodynamics is meant for an introductory course on Heat & Thermodynamics. Emphasis has been given to the fundamentals of thermodynamics. The book uses variety of diagrams, charts and learning aids to enable easy understanding of the subject. Solved numerical problems interspersed within the chapters will help the students to understand the physical significance of the mathematical derivations.

Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, Michigan : ProQuest Ebook Central, 2018. Available via World Wide Web. Access may be limited to ProQuest Ebook Central affiliated libraries.

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