Electric Power Transmission & Distribution.
Sivanagaraju.
Electric Power Transmission & Distribution. - 1 online resource (632 pages)
Cover -- Electric power Transmission And distribution -- Copyright -- Contents -- Preface -- Acknowledgement -- Transmission And Distribution: An Introduction -- Overview -- Various Levels of Power Transmissiona -- Conventional Sources of Electrical Energy -- Hydro Power Stations -- Thermal Power Stations -- Nuclear Power Stations -- Diesel Power Stations -- Load Forecasting -- Purpose of Load Forecasting -- Classification of Load Forecasting -- Forecasting Procedure -- Load Characteristics -- Load Modelling -- Characteristics of Load Models -- Star-Connected Loads -- Constant Power Model -- Constant Current Model -- Constant Impedance Model -- Deregulation -- Need for Restructuring -- Motivation for Restructuring the Power Industry -- Distribution Automation -- Transmission-Line Parameters -- Introduction -- Conductor Materials -- Types of Conductors -- Bundled Conductors -- Resistance -- Current Distortion Effect -- Skin Effect -- Proximity Effect -- Spirality Effect -- Inductance -- Inductance of a Conductor due to Internal Flux -- Inductance of a Conductor due to External Flux -- Inductance of a Single-Phase Two-Wire System -- Flux linkages with one sub-conductor of a composite Conductor -- Inductance of a single-phase system (with composite Conductors) -- Inductance of Three-Phase Lines -- Equivalent (Symmetrical) Spacing -- Unsymmetrical Spacing (Untransposed -- Transposition of Overhead Lines -- Unsymmetrical Spacing (Transposed) -- Inductance of Three-Phase Double Circuit Line -- Inductance of Three-phase Double-Circuit Line with Symmetrical Spacing (Hexagonal) -- Inductance of a Three-phase Transposed Double-Circuit Line with Unsymmetrical Spacing -- Capacitance -- Potential Difference Between Two Points Due to a Charge -- Capacitance of a Single-Phase Line (Two-Wire Line). Potential difference between two conductors of a group of charged conductors -- Capacitance of Three-Phase Lines -- Equilateral Spacing -- Capacitance of an Unsymmetrical Three-phase System (Transposed) -- Capacitance of a Three-Phase Double-Circuit Line -- Hexagonal Spacing -- Flat Vertical Spacing (Unsymmetrical Spacing) -- Effect of Earth on Transmission Line Capacitance -- Capacitance of a Single Conductor -- Capacitance of a Single-phase Transmission Line -- Capacitance of Three-phase Line -- Performance of short and medium Transmission lines -- Introduction -- Representation of Lines -- Classification of Transmission Lines -- Short Transmission Line -- Effect of Power Factor on Regulation and Efficiency -- Generalised Network Constants -- A, B, C, D Constants For Short Transmission Lines -- Medium Transmission Line -- Load End Capacitance Method -- Nominal-T Method -- Nominal-(Ss(B Method -- Performance of Long Transmission Lines -- Introduction -- Rigorous Solution -- Interpretation of The Long Line Equations -- Propagation Constant -- Wave Length and Velocity of Propagation -- Evaluation of Transmission Line Constants -- Regulation -- Equivalent Circuit Representation of Long Lines -- Representation of a Long Line by Equivalent- (Ss(B Model -- Representation of a Long Line by Equivalent-T Model -- Tuned Transmission Lines -- Characteristic Impedance -- Surge Impedance Loading -- Ferranti Effect -- Constant Voltage Transmission -- Charging Current in Lines -- Power Loss Due to Charging Current (or Open-Circuited Line) -- Line Loadability -- Power Flow Through a Transmission Line -- Circle Diagram -- Receiving-end Phasor Diagram -- Receiving-end Power Circle Diagram -- Analytical Method for Receiving-end Power Circle Diagram -- Sending-end Power Circle Diagram -- Analytical Method for Sending-end Power Circle Diagram -- Transmission Line Transients. Introduction -- Types of System Transients -- Travelling Waves on a Transmission Line -- The Wave Equation -- Evaluation of Surge Impedance -- Importance of Surge Impedance -- Travelling Wave -- Evaluation of Velocity of Wave Propagation -- Reflection and refraction coefficient (line terminated Through a resistance) -- Line Open-Circuited at the Receiving End -- Line Short-Circuited at the Receiving End -- Line Connected to a Cable -- Reflection and Refraction at a T-Junction -- Reactance Termination -- Line Terminated Through Capacitance -- Line Terminated Through Inductance -- Bewley's Lattice Diagram -- Corona -- Introduction -- Theory Of Corona Formation (Corona Discharge -- Electric Stress -- Critical Disruptive Voltage -- Visual Critical Voltage -- Power Loss Due to Corona -- Factors Affecting Corona Loss -- Electrical Factors -- Atmospheric Factors -- Factors Related to the Conductors -- Methods For Reducing Corona Loss -- Advantages and Disadvantages of Corona -- Effect of Corona on Line Design -- Radio Interference -- Audio Noise -- Interference With Communication Lines -- Electromagnetic Effect -- Electrostatic Effect -- Corona Phenomena in HVDC Lines -- Mechanical Design of Transmission Line -- Introduction -- Factors Affecting Mechanical Design -- Line Supports -- Wooden Poles -- Tubular Steel Poles -- RCC Poles -- Latticed Steel Towers -- Sag -- Calculation of Sag at Equal Supports -- Effect of Ice Covering and Wind Pressure -- Safety Factor -- Calculation of Sag at Different Level Supports -- Stringing Chart -- Effects and prevention of vibrations (vibrations And dampers) -- Sag Template -- Conductor Spacing and Ground Clearance -- Overhead Line Insulators -- Introduction -- Insulator Materials -- Types of Insulators -- Pin Type Insulators -- Suspension Type Insulator -- Strain Insulator -- Shackle Type Insulator. Potential Distribution Over a String of Suspension Insulators -- Mathematical Expression for Voltage Distribution -- String Efficiency -- Methods Of Improving String Efficiency -- Selection of m -- Grading of Units -- Guard Ring or Static Shielding -- Arcing Horn -- Testing of Insulators -- Flashover Tests -- Performance Test -- Routine Tests -- Causes of Failure of Insulators -- Underground Cables -- Introduction -- General Construction of a Cable -- Types of Cables -- Low Tension Cables -- High Tension Cables -- Super Tension Cables -- Extra High Tension Cables -- Advantages and disadvantages of underground cables over Overhead lines -- Properties of Insulating Materials For Cables -- Insulating Materials -- Insulation Resistance of Cables -- Capacitance of a Single-Core Cable -- Dielectric Stress in a Cable -- Economical Core Diameter -- Grading of Cables -- Capacitance Grading -- Intersheath Grading -- Practical Aspects of Cable Grading -- Power Factor in Cables (Dielectric Power Factor) -- Capacitance of a Three-Core Cable -- Measurement Of Cc And Cs -- Heating of Cables -- Generation of Heat Within the Cables -- Thermal Characteristics -- Current Capacity -- Testing of Cables -- Acceptance Tests at Works -- Sample Tests at Working -- Performance Tests -- Tests on Oil-Filled and Gas-Filled Cables -- Tests When Installed -- Tests on Pressurized Cables -- Laying of Cables -- Direct System -- Draw-in System -- Solid Systems -- Cable Faults -- Determination of maximum current carrying capacity of cables -- Power Factor Improvement -- Introduction -- Power Factor -- Causes of Low Power Factor -- Effects or Disadvantages of Low Power Factor -- Advantages of Power Factor Improvement -- Methods of Improving Power Factor -- Static Capacitor -- Synchronous Condenser -- Phase Advancers -- Most economical power factor when the kilowatt Demand is constant. most economical power factor when the kva maximum demand is constant -- Voltage Control -- Introduction -- Necessity of Voltage Control -- Generation and Absorption of Reactive Power -- Location of Voltage Control Equipment -- Methods of Voltage Control -- Excitation Control -- Shunt Capacitors and Reactors -- Series Capacitors -- Tap Changing Transformers -- Booster Transformers -- Synchronous Condensers -- Rating of Synchronous Phase Modifier -- Electric Power Supply Systems -- Introduction -- Comparison of Conductor Efficiencies For Various Systems -- Overhead Lines -- Cable Systems -- Choice of System Frequency -- Choice of System Voltage -- Advantages of High-Voltage Transmission -- Effect of Supply Voltage -- Economic Size of Conductor (Kelvin's Law) -- Modification of Kelvin's Law -- Practical Limitations to the Application of Kelvin's Law -- Substations -- Introduction -- Factors Governing The Selection of Site -- Classification of Substation -- According to Service -- According to Design -- Merits and Demerits of Indoor and Outdoor Substations -- Substation Equipment -- Types of Bus Bar Arrangements -- Single Bus Bar -- Single-Bus Bar System with Sectionalization -- Double Bus Bar with Single Breaker -- Double Bus Bar with Two Circuit Breakers -- Breakers and a Half with Two Main Buses -- Main and Transfer Bus Bar -- Double Bus Bar with Bypass Isolator -- Ring Bus -- Pole and Plinth-Mounted Transformer Substations -- Optimal Substation Location -- Perpendicular Bisector Rule -- Basic Terms of Earthing -- Grounding or Neutral Earthing -- Earthing of Substations -- Methods of Neutral Grounding -- Solid Grounding or Effective Grounding -- Resistance Grounding -- Reactance Grounding -- Peterson-coil Grounding -- Grounding Transformer -- Grounding Grid -- Distribution Systems -- Introduction -- Primary and Secondary Distribution. Primary Distribution.
Electric Power Transmission and Distribution is a comprehensive text, designed for undergraduate courses in power systems and transmission and distribution. A part of the electrical engineering curriculum, this book is designed to meet the requirements of students taking elementary courses in electric power transmission and distribution. Written in a simple, easy-to-understand manner, this book introduces the reader to electrical, mechanical and economic aspects of the design and construction of electric power transmission and distribution systems.
9788131753170
Electronic books.
621.3191
Electric Power Transmission & Distribution. - 1 online resource (632 pages)
Cover -- Electric power Transmission And distribution -- Copyright -- Contents -- Preface -- Acknowledgement -- Transmission And Distribution: An Introduction -- Overview -- Various Levels of Power Transmissiona -- Conventional Sources of Electrical Energy -- Hydro Power Stations -- Thermal Power Stations -- Nuclear Power Stations -- Diesel Power Stations -- Load Forecasting -- Purpose of Load Forecasting -- Classification of Load Forecasting -- Forecasting Procedure -- Load Characteristics -- Load Modelling -- Characteristics of Load Models -- Star-Connected Loads -- Constant Power Model -- Constant Current Model -- Constant Impedance Model -- Deregulation -- Need for Restructuring -- Motivation for Restructuring the Power Industry -- Distribution Automation -- Transmission-Line Parameters -- Introduction -- Conductor Materials -- Types of Conductors -- Bundled Conductors -- Resistance -- Current Distortion Effect -- Skin Effect -- Proximity Effect -- Spirality Effect -- Inductance -- Inductance of a Conductor due to Internal Flux -- Inductance of a Conductor due to External Flux -- Inductance of a Single-Phase Two-Wire System -- Flux linkages with one sub-conductor of a composite Conductor -- Inductance of a single-phase system (with composite Conductors) -- Inductance of Three-Phase Lines -- Equivalent (Symmetrical) Spacing -- Unsymmetrical Spacing (Untransposed -- Transposition of Overhead Lines -- Unsymmetrical Spacing (Transposed) -- Inductance of Three-Phase Double Circuit Line -- Inductance of Three-phase Double-Circuit Line with Symmetrical Spacing (Hexagonal) -- Inductance of a Three-phase Transposed Double-Circuit Line with Unsymmetrical Spacing -- Capacitance -- Potential Difference Between Two Points Due to a Charge -- Capacitance of a Single-Phase Line (Two-Wire Line). Potential difference between two conductors of a group of charged conductors -- Capacitance of Three-Phase Lines -- Equilateral Spacing -- Capacitance of an Unsymmetrical Three-phase System (Transposed) -- Capacitance of a Three-Phase Double-Circuit Line -- Hexagonal Spacing -- Flat Vertical Spacing (Unsymmetrical Spacing) -- Effect of Earth on Transmission Line Capacitance -- Capacitance of a Single Conductor -- Capacitance of a Single-phase Transmission Line -- Capacitance of Three-phase Line -- Performance of short and medium Transmission lines -- Introduction -- Representation of Lines -- Classification of Transmission Lines -- Short Transmission Line -- Effect of Power Factor on Regulation and Efficiency -- Generalised Network Constants -- A, B, C, D Constants For Short Transmission Lines -- Medium Transmission Line -- Load End Capacitance Method -- Nominal-T Method -- Nominal-(Ss(B Method -- Performance of Long Transmission Lines -- Introduction -- Rigorous Solution -- Interpretation of The Long Line Equations -- Propagation Constant -- Wave Length and Velocity of Propagation -- Evaluation of Transmission Line Constants -- Regulation -- Equivalent Circuit Representation of Long Lines -- Representation of a Long Line by Equivalent- (Ss(B Model -- Representation of a Long Line by Equivalent-T Model -- Tuned Transmission Lines -- Characteristic Impedance -- Surge Impedance Loading -- Ferranti Effect -- Constant Voltage Transmission -- Charging Current in Lines -- Power Loss Due to Charging Current (or Open-Circuited Line) -- Line Loadability -- Power Flow Through a Transmission Line -- Circle Diagram -- Receiving-end Phasor Diagram -- Receiving-end Power Circle Diagram -- Analytical Method for Receiving-end Power Circle Diagram -- Sending-end Power Circle Diagram -- Analytical Method for Sending-end Power Circle Diagram -- Transmission Line Transients. Introduction -- Types of System Transients -- Travelling Waves on a Transmission Line -- The Wave Equation -- Evaluation of Surge Impedance -- Importance of Surge Impedance -- Travelling Wave -- Evaluation of Velocity of Wave Propagation -- Reflection and refraction coefficient (line terminated Through a resistance) -- Line Open-Circuited at the Receiving End -- Line Short-Circuited at the Receiving End -- Line Connected to a Cable -- Reflection and Refraction at a T-Junction -- Reactance Termination -- Line Terminated Through Capacitance -- Line Terminated Through Inductance -- Bewley's Lattice Diagram -- Corona -- Introduction -- Theory Of Corona Formation (Corona Discharge -- Electric Stress -- Critical Disruptive Voltage -- Visual Critical Voltage -- Power Loss Due to Corona -- Factors Affecting Corona Loss -- Electrical Factors -- Atmospheric Factors -- Factors Related to the Conductors -- Methods For Reducing Corona Loss -- Advantages and Disadvantages of Corona -- Effect of Corona on Line Design -- Radio Interference -- Audio Noise -- Interference With Communication Lines -- Electromagnetic Effect -- Electrostatic Effect -- Corona Phenomena in HVDC Lines -- Mechanical Design of Transmission Line -- Introduction -- Factors Affecting Mechanical Design -- Line Supports -- Wooden Poles -- Tubular Steel Poles -- RCC Poles -- Latticed Steel Towers -- Sag -- Calculation of Sag at Equal Supports -- Effect of Ice Covering and Wind Pressure -- Safety Factor -- Calculation of Sag at Different Level Supports -- Stringing Chart -- Effects and prevention of vibrations (vibrations And dampers) -- Sag Template -- Conductor Spacing and Ground Clearance -- Overhead Line Insulators -- Introduction -- Insulator Materials -- Types of Insulators -- Pin Type Insulators -- Suspension Type Insulator -- Strain Insulator -- Shackle Type Insulator. Potential Distribution Over a String of Suspension Insulators -- Mathematical Expression for Voltage Distribution -- String Efficiency -- Methods Of Improving String Efficiency -- Selection of m -- Grading of Units -- Guard Ring or Static Shielding -- Arcing Horn -- Testing of Insulators -- Flashover Tests -- Performance Test -- Routine Tests -- Causes of Failure of Insulators -- Underground Cables -- Introduction -- General Construction of a Cable -- Types of Cables -- Low Tension Cables -- High Tension Cables -- Super Tension Cables -- Extra High Tension Cables -- Advantages and disadvantages of underground cables over Overhead lines -- Properties of Insulating Materials For Cables -- Insulating Materials -- Insulation Resistance of Cables -- Capacitance of a Single-Core Cable -- Dielectric Stress in a Cable -- Economical Core Diameter -- Grading of Cables -- Capacitance Grading -- Intersheath Grading -- Practical Aspects of Cable Grading -- Power Factor in Cables (Dielectric Power Factor) -- Capacitance of a Three-Core Cable -- Measurement Of Cc And Cs -- Heating of Cables -- Generation of Heat Within the Cables -- Thermal Characteristics -- Current Capacity -- Testing of Cables -- Acceptance Tests at Works -- Sample Tests at Working -- Performance Tests -- Tests on Oil-Filled and Gas-Filled Cables -- Tests When Installed -- Tests on Pressurized Cables -- Laying of Cables -- Direct System -- Draw-in System -- Solid Systems -- Cable Faults -- Determination of maximum current carrying capacity of cables -- Power Factor Improvement -- Introduction -- Power Factor -- Causes of Low Power Factor -- Effects or Disadvantages of Low Power Factor -- Advantages of Power Factor Improvement -- Methods of Improving Power Factor -- Static Capacitor -- Synchronous Condenser -- Phase Advancers -- Most economical power factor when the kilowatt Demand is constant. most economical power factor when the kva maximum demand is constant -- Voltage Control -- Introduction -- Necessity of Voltage Control -- Generation and Absorption of Reactive Power -- Location of Voltage Control Equipment -- Methods of Voltage Control -- Excitation Control -- Shunt Capacitors and Reactors -- Series Capacitors -- Tap Changing Transformers -- Booster Transformers -- Synchronous Condensers -- Rating of Synchronous Phase Modifier -- Electric Power Supply Systems -- Introduction -- Comparison of Conductor Efficiencies For Various Systems -- Overhead Lines -- Cable Systems -- Choice of System Frequency -- Choice of System Voltage -- Advantages of High-Voltage Transmission -- Effect of Supply Voltage -- Economic Size of Conductor (Kelvin's Law) -- Modification of Kelvin's Law -- Practical Limitations to the Application of Kelvin's Law -- Substations -- Introduction -- Factors Governing The Selection of Site -- Classification of Substation -- According to Service -- According to Design -- Merits and Demerits of Indoor and Outdoor Substations -- Substation Equipment -- Types of Bus Bar Arrangements -- Single Bus Bar -- Single-Bus Bar System with Sectionalization -- Double Bus Bar with Single Breaker -- Double Bus Bar with Two Circuit Breakers -- Breakers and a Half with Two Main Buses -- Main and Transfer Bus Bar -- Double Bus Bar with Bypass Isolator -- Ring Bus -- Pole and Plinth-Mounted Transformer Substations -- Optimal Substation Location -- Perpendicular Bisector Rule -- Basic Terms of Earthing -- Grounding or Neutral Earthing -- Earthing of Substations -- Methods of Neutral Grounding -- Solid Grounding or Effective Grounding -- Resistance Grounding -- Reactance Grounding -- Peterson-coil Grounding -- Grounding Transformer -- Grounding Grid -- Distribution Systems -- Introduction -- Primary and Secondary Distribution. Primary Distribution.
Electric Power Transmission and Distribution is a comprehensive text, designed for undergraduate courses in power systems and transmission and distribution. A part of the electrical engineering curriculum, this book is designed to meet the requirements of students taking elementary courses in electric power transmission and distribution. Written in a simple, easy-to-understand manner, this book introduces the reader to electrical, mechanical and economic aspects of the design and construction of electric power transmission and distribution systems.
9788131753170
Electronic books.
621.3191